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Bologna
5
Travelling to Bologna
Travelling to Bologna
www.comune.bologna.it
www.enit.it
Bologna is the capital of the Emilia-Romagna region,
and it is one of Italy’s great cultural cities. Its many
arcade-filled brick buildings possess a unique
atmosphere. Bologna has given birth to many great
artists during the ages, and it is home to Europe’s
oldest university.
The city is characterised by its atmospheric centre,
with brick mansions and arcades, lovely squares and
fascinating historical buildings, such as churches,
monasteries and city walls. A trip through Bologna’s
atmospheric streets will naturally go to the medieval
towers, built by rival families as status symbols as
well as for purposes of defence.
The landscape around Bologna is beautiful, and it is
possible to visit cultural cities and towns of all sizes,
each with its own unique characteristics. Obvious
destinations are white-marbled Florence, the
mountain state of San Marino or the Italian Adriatic
coast.
Have a nice journey!
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Bologna
6
Historical outline
Historical outline
The Bologna region was settled by the Villanovans
in the Bronze Age, around 3,000 years ago. The
Villanovans were conquered by the Etruscans, who
founded what was to become present-day Bologna.
Bologna became a colony of the Roman Empire
under the name “Boronia”, when it was captured in
189 BC. The city burned down several times during
the reign of Claudius, but it was rebuilt and
expanded under Nero, who added many public
institutions.
In the centuries following the fall of the Roman
Empire, the area was frequently attacked from the
north and was variously ruled by the Visigoths, the
Huns and the Langobards (Lombards).
After the heathen peoples had ruled the city, the
Christians ascended to power. The city was in an
important strategic location and had a good
economy. Bologna was ruled from the Vatican
during some periods.
Because of the rapidly growing trade and handicraft
production, Bologna’s wealth was continually
increasing, which meant cultural development as well.
Europe’s first university was built in the city in 1088.
The 11th century also saw Bologna becoming
independent of the Vatican and establishing itself as
a city state. The city was part of the Lombard League
under Frederick Barbarossa. During the following
centuries, the culturally as well as economically
wealthy Bologna attracted people from all over
Europe – not least because of its university, where
Law was taught among other subjects. One of the
early students was Dante Alighieri.
In the12th century, many of Bologna’s richest
families built the characteristic defence towers, of
which two can still be seen in the city centre. The
towers were part of the city’s defence works, but
also prestige projects displaying the wealth and
power of the families that built them.
Bologna’s population now increased so rapidly that
a housing shortage ensued, which prompted the
construction of the many arcades overhanging the
pavements. This was one way of increasing the
housing capacity. Toward the end of the 13th
century, Bologna was among Europe’s ten largest
cities with a population of more than 50,000.
A growing dispute in the city about its status
became the end of Bologna’s time as an
independent state. Some favoured the Emperor and
some the Papal States. After a period of strife, Pope
Julius II conquered Bologna in 1506, and the city
state became part of the Papal States.
Among the highlights of Bologna’s time as papal
state were the imperial crowning of Charles V by
Pope Clemens VII in 1530 and the Council of
Trent in 1547-1548 – an ecumenical gathering
which was usually held at Trent. Bologna as it
stands today was appeared during the following
three centuries.
Bologna was ruled by the Pope until 1796, when
Napoleon of France conquered the city and
surrounding areas. Bologna now belonged to
France, and it became capital of the newly
established Cispadane Republic. The city flourished
both politically, economically and culturally. After
the fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna in
815, the city came under the Papal States once more
There were uprisings against the papal rule in 1831,
1843 and 1848, but none of them had a decisive
political impact. However, Italian nationalism grew,
and in 1860 Bologna joined the newly formed
Kingdom of Italy, and that marked the end of its
dependence on the Pope.
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Historical outline
During the last decades of the 20th century, Bologna
became a city with many hi-tech businesses. This
made it one of Italy’s leading cities with regard to
business fairs and exhibitions.
In connection with Bologna’s status as European
“City of Culture” in the year 2000, it was renovated
and restored on a grand scale.
Today, Bologna is a prosperous city. The many
historical buildings are in excellent condition, and it
has an international atmosphere mixed with Italian
charm.
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Bologna
8
Trip 1: Bologna
Trip 1: Bologna
1. Piazza Maggiore
Piazza Maggiore
Piazza Maggiore is Bologna’s centre, home to several
famous attractions. The Square was built as a market
place around the year 1200, and it is still considered
one of the most beautiful in Italy.
1a. The Fountain of Neptune/Fontana di
Nettuno
Piazza Nettuno
The Fountain of Neptune is situated in Piazza
Nettuno, which is adjoining the Piazza Maggiore.
The fountain was made in 1563-1566 by the
Flemish sculptor Giambologna to a design by
Tommaso Laureti. The statue was erected by
Cardinal Carlo Borromeo when Borromeo’s uncle
was elected as Pope Pius IV
1b. The Accursio Palace/Palazzo d’Accursio
www.museomorandi.it
www.comune.bologna.it/iperbole/MuseiCivici
The Accursio Palace is best known as ”Palazzo
Comunale”, Bologna’s City Hall. Construction
began in 1287, but it was not finished until the mid-
14th century. In the portal stands a bronze statue of
Pope Gregory XIII. Inside, visitors can see the Red
Hall, Sala Rosa, which is the City Council Hall. On
the second floor there is a museum featuring the
works of Giorgi Morandi - Museo Morandi. There
is also an art museum, Musei Civici d’Arte Antica.
1c. Podestà-palæet/Palazzo del Podestà
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Trip 1: Bologna
This palace was built around 1200 as the seat of the
city’s administration, podestà. By 1245, the building
had become too small and an extension in the form
of Pallazo Re Enzo, featuring the clock tower, Torre
dell’Arengo, was built. In the mid-14th century, the
original Gothic facade was rebuilt in the then
fashionable Renaissance style.
1d. The Bank Palace/Palazzo dei Banchi
The Bank Palace was built in1412. It got its name
from the currency exchange offices that occupied
the building in the 15th and 16th centuries. The
building’s arcades were built in 1565-1568.
1e. Basilica di San Petronio
The impressive San Petronio church is one of Italy’s
largest, and it is the most important in Bologna. The
original plans suggested an even larger church
building – actually the church was intended to be the
largest in Italy, but some of the funds went to
Palazzo Archiginnasio, which meant the ambition
level had to be lowered for the San Petronio church.
The construction went on four centuries, from 1390
to 1659. The beautiful entrance facade with its many
biblical motifs was built by Jacopo della Quercia in
1425-1438. The enormous church room is built in
Gothic style. It is well worth a visit, as are the more
than 20 chapels. Among those buried there is
Napoleon’s sister, Elise Bonaparte.
The church’s stained-glass windows were painted in
1464-1466 by the artist Jacob of Ulm. The
altarpiece is in the style of the so-called Ferrero
School and shows the Martyrdom of St Sebastian.
Visitors can also experience Giovanni Domenico
Cassini’s sundial, which was built into the floor in
1655.
In the mid-15th century, San Petronio was the
home of the Catholic Church’s Council of Trident,
whose task was to evaluate reforms that could re-
establish the Catholic Church’s control over the
rebellious Lutherans
2. The Archaeological
Museum/Museo Civico Archeologico
Via dell'Archiginnasio 2
www.comune.bologna.it/museoarcheologico
The Archaeological Museum was founded in 1871
in connection with an archaeology congress and in
the presence of Prince Umberto of Savoy. The
antiquities collection was established by the
university in 1714 and includes artefacts from the
Roman Empire, Greece and Egypt.
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Trip 1: Bologna
The original Museum building is from the 15th
century, when it functioned as a hospital. The
building got its current look in 1565.
3. The Archiginnasio Palace/Palazzo
dell’Archiginnasio
Piazza Galvani 1
www.achiginnasio.it
Palazzo d’Archiginnasio from 1562-1563 was built as
a university. The most famous of its halls is the
Anatomical Theatre, Teatro Anatomico, which is a
lecture hall built in 1637 and adorned with wood
carvings.
Today, the beautiful palace houses the library,
Biblioteca Comunale dell’Archiginnasio.
4. Cavour Square/Piazza Cavour
Piazza Cavour
The atmospheric Piazza Cavour is one of Bologna’s
central squares. With its flagstones, elegant buildings
with arcades and surrounding medieval streets, it is a
lovely place to experience Old Bologna.
5. Basilica di San Domenico
Piazza San Domenico 13
www.centrosandomenico.it
The Church of San Domenico was built in 1221. It
is dedicated to the founder of the Dominican Order,
St Dominicus (St Dominic), and built for his grave.
San Dominicus died in the church, whereupon the
impressive sepulchre was built. The statues by the
grave were made by Nicola Pisano, and the reliefs
depict scenes from the life of St Dominicus. Behind
the sarcophagus there is a reliquary containing the
head of St Dominicus. The paintings of angels and
the saints Petronius and Prokulus are by
Michelangelo.
St Dominicus came to Bologna in 1218, and the
following year he moved into an already existing
church building. The Dominicans began by buying
the surrounding land and expansions were then
made, which continued in the decades following the
death of Dominicus in 1221.
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Trip 1: Bologna
6. Palazzo Baciocchi o di Giustizia
Piazza dei Tribunali 4
The Baciocchi Palace was originally built for the
Ruini Family by the Veneto architect Andrea
Palladio in the beginning of the 16th century. In
1679, the new owners, the Ranuzzi Family,
expanded the palace and it was richly decorated
according to the fashions of the time. The large
stairwell, Scalone d’onore, is one of the attractions of
the palace.
The last private owner of the palace was Felice
Baciocchi, who was married to Napoleon’s sister,
Elisa Bonaparte. Baciocchi had artists, such as
Antonio Basoli and Felice Giani, depict Napoleon’s
exploits in paintings displayed in the various halls.
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Trip 1: Bologna
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Trip 2: Bologna
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7. The Church of San
Francesco/Chiesa di San Francesco
Piazza San Francesco
The church of San Francesco was founded in 1236.
It is characterised by a monumental Roman facade
and a French Gothic interior.
8. Cathedral of San Pietro/Cattedrale
Metropolitana di San Pietro
Via dell’Indipendeza 9
www.bologna.chiesacattolica.it
The cathedral of San Pietro has been Bologna’s
cathedral since 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII
made it the Arch-Episcopal residence.
The church’s history goes back at least to the 10th
century, but it has been rebuilt and extended
through centuries. The clock tower is from the
12th-13th centuries, when the church was almost
completely rebuilt after a fire in 1141.
The cathedral holds various works of art, such as its
frescoes from around the year 1600.
9. The Archbishop’s Palace/Palazzo
Arcivescovile
Via Altabella 2-6
This palace is from the beginning of the 13th
century, and it now houses the ecclesiastical
administration. The building has a very high portico,
and it was the first church to be built of stone
rather than wood.
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Trip 2: Bologna
10. The Prendiparte Tower/Torre dei
Prendiparte
Via Sant'Alò 7
The 60 metres tall Prendiparte Tower was built in
the 12th century as a defence bastion for the
Prendiparte Family. Today, the Torre degli Asinelli is
Bologna’s tallest tower, but it is thought that
Prendiparte originally was the tallest of the city’s
private towers. The tower functioned as a prison for
a period, but it is now open to the public. From the
platform on the top, there is a beautiful view of
Bologna’s rooftops.
11. The Fava Palaces/Palazzi Fava
Via Manzoni 4
www.comune.bologna.it/iperbole/MuseiCivici
The Fava palaces include Palazzo Ghisilardi Fava
and Palazzo Fava Ghisilieri.
Palazzo Ghisilardi Fava is a very beautiful example
of a wealthy family’s palace from the late 15th
century Bologna. It had been built as a residence for
Bartolomeo Ghisilardi. In the middle of the 16th
century, it was bought by the Fava Family. Today, it
houses the Medieval Museum/Museo Civico
Medievale.
Palazzo Fava Ghisilieri on the corner of the streets
Via Manzoni and Via dell’Indipendenza has an
exquisite Renaissance facade, and some beautiful
wall paintings can be found in some of the halls.
12. Little Venice/Piccola Venezia
Canale de Moline/Canale di Reno
Bologna is situated neither by the ocean nor by a
river, but several canals have been built from nearby
rivers to the ciy, including canale Savena fron the
east, Canale Reno from the west and Canale Navile
from the north. In the city centre there are smaller
canals connecting to the three main canals, such as
Canale de Moline, which joins Canale di Reno.
They constitue a small Venice, where the houses are
built on the water’s edge.
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